An LC filter (inductor and capacitor) is used to smooth the pulsed signal into a stable DC output. Primary Converter Topologies
PWM DC-DC converters are categorized based on their ability to step voltage up or down: Pulse Width Modulated DC-DC Converters
Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters are high-efficiency power electronic circuits that convert one DC voltage level to another by rapidly switching a power semiconductor (like a MOSFET) on and off. Unlike linear regulators that dissipate excess power as heat, PWM converters control the delivered to a load by adjusting the "on-time" within a fixed switching period. Core Working Principle An LC filter (inductor and capacitor) is used
A higher duty cycle increases the average output voltage; a lower duty cycle decreases it. a lower duty cycle decreases it.