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Sculptors initially followed rigid rules set by the Academia de San Fernando and other institutions.

Auguste Rodin revolutionized the era by focusing on emotion and the "unfinished" look, moving away from idealized perfection toward expressive realism. 20th Century: The Radical Revolution Download escultura del siglo pdf

The Industrial Revolution introduced new methods for bronze casting , making large-scale public monuments more accessible. Sculptors initially followed rigid rules set by the

Artists moved beyond stone and metal, experimenting with concrete, plastic, iron, and industrial waste . experimenting with concrete

For sculptors like Chillida , the "empty space" within or around the piece became as important as the physical material itself.

Marcel Duchamp challenged the definition of art by using everyday objects as sculptures, emphasizing concept over craftsmanship. Downloadable Resources (PDF)