1 : Judgment May 2026

Establishes the core judgment that every internationally wrongful act of a State entails its . Crimes Against Humanity

States that each State has the obligation not to engage in acts that constitute crimes against humanity and must prevent and punish them. 1 : Judgment

In international legal scholarship and constitutional history, the phrase most commonly refers to a specific section of the United States Constitution regarding the powers of the Senate in impeachment trials. It also appears in several significant International Law Commission (ILC) draft articles that define the scope of state responsibility and human rights protections. 1. United States Constitution (Article 1, Section 3) It also appears in several significant International Law

The term "Draft Article 1" often refers to the , specifically Common Article 1 . This article contains the undertaking by parties to "respect and ensure respect" for the conventions in all circumstances. Scholarly "judgment" on this article has shifted over decades from a narrow focus on individual state compliance to a broader obligation for all states to induce compliance from others. This article contains the undertaking by parties to

For more detailed research, you can explore the United Nations International Law Commission archives for the full history of these draftings.